Leon and Snowball Comparison - 942 Words

George Orwell, writer of the book Animal Farm captures important aspects of the Russian Revolution and portrays them in a humorous and more understandable way. Each animal represents an important person or event that happened during this time. Snowball is a pig that lives on Mr. Jones farm who is enthralled at the idea of a Revolution and one of the main animals to help get it going. The inspiration for his character was from important revolutionist, Leon Trotsky. Snowball was modeled after him, showing most of his character trails and interest. Most of the people and events that look place throughout Trotsky’s life are also incorporated in Snowball’s life. Orwell’s imagination ran wild as he wrote this memorable story so that he might†¦show more content†¦When he got out, he helped tremendously with the founding of the Soviet Union and organized the Red Army. As he left to help other city’s form their own union he was arrested and sentenced to li fe without rights but he escaped after ten years. From then he was head of the Red Army and Commissioner of War. In the Battle of Cowshed, Snowball, so greatly led the animals just as his comparison did with the Red Army. Trotsky traveled around rapidly trying to spread the revolution Snowball sent pigeons around too tell everyone about what was happening. In the beginning Snowball and Napoleon were on good terms but as things progress and Napoleon realizes that Snowball is by passing him in everything he kicks him out. Then throughout the rest of Animal Farm is trying to kill him. These two had the same relationship as Stalin and Trotsky. Never agreeing and great at many things Trotsky is then kicked out by Stalin and Stalin tries too assassinate Trotsky on many occasions. In the end both truly just wanted a better society and just wanted there views to be known. Animalism is a system in which the animals made up and used to govern themselves as they entered into this new form of l ife. Marxism, a form of Communism made up by a man named Karl Marx and follow by Leon Trotsky. Both Snowball and Trotsky had great respect and passion for what they believed. Marxism basically wants there to beShow MoreRelatedElements in George Orwells Animal Farm861 Words   |  4 Pagesanimals ran the farm effectively, with the pigs overseeing and constantly developing new ideas. One pig, Snowball, was in favor of the improvements of the farm, while another pig, Napoleon, was seeking only personal success. They were both adamant about their viewpoints and often argued. When Snowball introduced a new plan to build a windmill, Napoleon disagreed and convinced the animals that snowball had ulterior motives, and that he should be banished from Animal Farm. The animals followed NapoleonRead MoreAnimal Farm Or Ussr Part II1243 Words   |  5 PagesThis meeting on the farm not only shifts the ideology of the farm animals but it also is the initial step in comparison between the an imals and Soviet Russia. Old Major passes away just three days after he gives his speech. After his death, three, brave, enthusiastic pigs take on the responsibility of Old Major’s dream and move forward without missing a step. These three pigs, Squealer, Snowball and Napoleon create a new type of government under the name of animalism. Under animalism the three pigs createRead MoreAnimal Farm Extended Essay2760 Words   |  12 Pagesdeep characters that he used to represent people during the revolution, and he referred every action they did to a certain event in the revolution, this can be proved in the case of Napoleon who represented the historical French man Joseph Stalin, Snowball who represented Leo Trotsky, Squealer who represented the media, , Boxer who represented the workers class, Mollie who represented the upper class, Moses who represented the church, and a lot of other animals that he represented people and classesRead MoreSymbolism in Animal Farm1766 Words   |  8 Pagesthe dictator of communist Russia during the time of World War I. Snowball represents Leon Trotsky. Trotsky played a large part in the Russian Revolution but as Stalin gained more power, the two became enemies, much like the relationship between Napoleon and Snowball. The preface of Animal Farm provides evidence of these comparisons by saying, â€Å"Stalin and Trotsky, after all, were unmistakably Orwell’s feuding pigs, Napoleon and Snowball† (Orwell viii). Other minor characters also represent realRead MoreGeorge Orwell s Animal Farm2708 Words   |  11 PagesRussian Revolution to Stalin’s rule. This is illustrated through a comparative analysis of the economic, social, and political depictions of Orwell’s fictionalized Animal Farm and realties of Stalin’s Russia. To truly understand the widespread comparisons in Animal Farm, one must first begin with a clear foundation of the story. Orwell’s fictionalized tale begins with Mr. Jones’ Manor Farm. This represents the quasi-capitalist Russia of the tsars, still deeply rooted in feudalism and lacking centralizedRead MoreAnimal Farm By George Orwell Essay1430 Words   |  6 Pagessocialism and communism but did not live to witness the revolution. Old Major is a wise old pig whose stirring speech to the animals helps set the rebellion in motion even though he dies before the rebellion actually begins. The fate of Snowball is a reflection of Leon Trotsky s sad end. He was a brilliant and committed inner circle member initially but he lost out in the power game after the revolution. The sheep in the novel reflect the proletariat who are usually manipulated by their rulers. TheRead More Animal Farm: Communism Through The Eyes Of George Orwell Essay2475 Words   |  10 PagesStalin us ed to enforce his laws is one of the main reasons that Orwell disagreed with the main principles behind Communism and its leaders. Another comparison that Orwell makes between Napoleon and Stalin is the changing of history to benefit themselves. In Animal Farm, Napoleon often changes history to make himself look better. Even though Snowball, the other pig that was in charge with Napoleon, was the true hero in the quot;Battle of the Cowshed,quot;9 Napoleon makes himself out to be the heroRead MoreGeorge Orwell s Animal Farm1957 Words   |  8 Pagesthis mirrors how Lenin was inflexible with his views. An associate of Lenin’s was Leon Trotsky; his stand-in in Animal Farm is Snowball (SMMC PowerPoint. 2014.). Snowball’s hopes for the windmill reflect Trotsky’s intellectual demeanour as well as his ideas of how to put Karl Marx’s theory of Communism into action. Eventually, Trotsky was expelled from the Soviet Union and executed by Joseph Stalin, just like Snowball was banished from the farm by Napoleon (page 35) – George Orwell’s counterpart forRead MoreGeorge Orwell s Animal Farm1957 Words   |  8 Pagesthis mirrors how Lenin was inflexible with his views. An associate of Lenin’s was Leon Trotsky; his stand-in in Animal Farm is Snowball (SMMC PowerPoint. 2014.). Snowball’s hopes for the windmill reflect Trotsky’s intellectual demeanour as well as h is ideas of how to put Karl Marx’s theory of Communism into action. Eventually, Trotsky was expelled from the Soviet Union and executed by Joseph Stalin, just like Snowball was banished from the farm by Napoleon (page 35) – George Orwell’s counterpart for

Essay On A Stranger - 1597 Words

Alright, so first and foremost we have to look at every possible suspect. I believe that our options are (in rough order of probability): 1. Another human 2. An extraterrestrial 3. An unexplained scientific phenomenon 4. A paranormal entity [b]1. The Human Angle[/b] Lets start with the possibility that it was another human, or group of humans. Obviously this would imply that mankind has reached technological levels FAR beyond what the average person believes we currently possess. Despite this, I think that this is the most likely candidate. The first thing we should do is look for a motive. On the surface (and the next level, and the level after that...) there doesnt appear to be one. What possible reason could a person have for†¦show more content†¦The first of these people could be those doing it for their religious beliefs. Perhaps in part caused by insanity, somebody believes that their god or gods desire for them to do this. Perhaps they believe that beds are a symbol of laziness in the world, and that the salted Mars is an attack on the belief of extraterrestrial life. I cant imagine their exact reasoning, but somebody with a great deal of power could be heavily influenced by religion, and we cant rule this out. Another is pure insanity. Similar to the religious fanatic previously talked about, this person believes with their entire being that this needs to happen. Hallucinations and paranoia could cause somebody to believe that beds are some kind of danger to the world, and that Mars being layered in salt will somehow benefit them or humanity as a whole. Perhaps they believe that the removal of beds will lead to a white imbalance in our galaxy. Its hard to speculate about the reasoning behind insanity, because no mental leap is too great in this circumstance. The question to ask here is would somebody with this level of insanity be able to orchestrate these events? I dont think anybody can claim with 100% certainty that its impossible. Finally, ending our human angle, we have the person who knows something we dont. Like those weve already mentioned, they believe that these events were something that needed to happen. Unlike those people, they have scientific backing toShow MoreRelatedThe Stranger Essays556 Words   |  3 Pagesway because we are just misunderstood or as Albert Camus would say â€Å"strangers† to society. The stranger is a man lost in his own world where no one understands him but himself. This man was portrayed as a monster, un-human, and even heartless all because he chose not to express his emotions or feeling to the world. You may ask well how does this relate to me ? Well your about to find out why. In Albert Camus’s Novel â€Å"The Stranger† Meursault was portrayed as a man with irony, tragic hero qualitiesRead MoreEssay On The Stranger1010 Words   |  5 Pages The Stranger Essay The Stranger by Albert Camus is an analysis of the human psychosis if it was isolated and apathetic. Throughout the story, our protagonist, Meursault, tells the story of his life after his mother’s death and his experiences with everyday routines. Meursault explains to the reader only the surface of what he is feeling; despite that, as a reader, one is able to view his mind directly and closely. Meursault has all the power in this book because it is his life and mind. He is ableRead MoreEssay The Stranger754 Words   |  4 Pages nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Albert Camus’ The Stranger, is told by narrarator, Meursault . Our speaker seems to be a person detached from feelings, he shows no emotion. Neither the external world in which Meursault lives nor the internal world of his thoughts and attitudes possesses any rational order. He doesn’t have reasons for doing half of the things he does. For these reasons I believe Meursault is determined, but doesn’t know it. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Our protagonist and narraratorRead More The Stranger Essay1496 Words   |  6 PagesAlbert Camus creates a series of characters in The Stranger whose personality traits and motivations mirror those that are overlooked upon by the average man. Camus develops various characters and scenarios that show true humanity which tends to have been ignored due to the fact of how typical it has become. Camus incorporates abominable personality traits of the characters, variety, consistency, and everyone’s fate. Camus demonstrates the disregarded reason behind the origins of relationships betweenRead More The Stranger Essay879 Words   |  4 PagesThe Stranger The Stranger exhibits a society that has confined itself with a specific set of social standards that dictate the manner in which people are supposed to act. This ideology determines the level of morality, and how much emphasis should placed on following this certain ethical structure. Albert Camuss main character, Meursault, is depicted as a nonconformist that is unwilling to play societys game. Through Meursaults failure to comply with societys values and conform toRead MoreThe Stranger Essay1048 Words   |  5 PagesAlbert Camus influential novel, The Stranger, a great work of existentialism, examines the absurdity of life and indifference of the world. This paper provides a summary of the novel, and outlines some of the novels main themes. The novels protagoinist, Meursault, is a distanced and indifferent young man. He does not believe in God, and lives his life with seemingly sensuous abandon. After Meursault is caught up in the life of a local pimp, he rather inexplicably murders a young man on theRead More The Stranger Essay962 Words   |  4 PagesThe Stranger The Stranger was originally written in French. When Stuart Gilbert translated the novel, he came across a small problem. â€Å"The title of Camus’ classic novel is difficult to render into English because the French word bears the connotations of both ‘stranger’ and ‘foreigner’ at the same time, and each of these concepts is at play in the novel.† (Mairowitz1) Finding the right translation was crucial because the title is symbolic. â€Å"The Stranger symbolizes the theme of theRead More The Stranger Essay1301 Words   |  6 PagesWhile reading The Stranger I noticed that traits that Albert Camus character depicts in the book are closely related to the theories of Sigmund Freud on moral human behavior. Albert Camus portrays his character of Meursault as a numb, emotionless person that seems to mindlessly play out his role in society, acting in a manner that he sees as the way he’s supposed to act, always living in the moment with his instincts driving him, and if the right circumstance presents itself the primal deep seededRead MoreEssay The Stranger1275 Words   |  6 PagesThe Stranger In the book The Stranger, the main character, Meursault, is a stranger to himself, and to life. Meursault is a person who is emotionally and physically detached from the world. He seemingly cares only about himself, but at the same time could be concerned little about what happens to him. The title, the Stranger, could indicate Meursaults disconnection and indifference to the world that surrounds him and, therefore, his role as a stranger in the book. The title could also implyRead MoreThe Stranger Essay963 Words   |  4 PagesThe Stranger Chris Drusbosky 3/5/12 Professor Krauss In the story â€Å"The Stranger† by Albert Camus, the belief that the themes of loss and retrieval are at the core of Mersault’s mythology, and that they illumine the notion of exile to which he returns so often is widely discussed. I however do not believe that either one of those themes has anything to do with the Mersault and the exile to which he returns to so often, rather I believe that Mersault’s own attitude is the reason for the exile

Liberal Governments Life For The Working Essay Example For Students

Liberal Governments Life For The Working Essay With what success did the Liberal Governments attempt to improve the quality of life of the working?The 1906 election, and subsequent landslide victory for the Liberals, was the first step toward the introduction of a welfare state. The Conservatives who were in power up to 1906 had basically ignored the concept of social reform; this had led to them losing the workers vote and had also led to a decline in the standards of living for the working class. The New Liberals argued for more government intervention to help impoverished society and therefore created the first movements of a social reform. However, the new legislation was only a mediocre success in improving the quality of life for working class people. New Liberalism, differing slightly to Gladstonian Liberalism, was essentially state intervention in order to reduce poverty and therefore improve living and working conditions for the working classes. Up until the turn of the century, it was believed that poverty was self-inflicted, and extremely easy to eradicate if the people concerned just tried a little harder. However by the 1906 election, studies on poverty had been completed by Booth and Rowntree, and ideas on the origins of poverty were beginning to change. These studies provided evidence to suggest that no matter how hard certain people tried, they could not lift themselves out of poverty, and needed assistance in the form of state benefits and legislations. As New Liberalism involved more government intervention, people were wary of it as it was a new concept, and the previous Conservative governments had been unconcerned with most aspects of helping the people. At this time people were scared of change, and many did not un derstand the benefits of schemes like the National Insurance Act of 1911, where there wasnt a guaranteed payoff and people did not understand why, or to whom, they were paying money. However, as the idea of deserving poor and undeserving poor still existed even with New Liberalism, not all groups of people received aid. Therefore the new legislation and reforms were not quite as successful as they could have been. This was partly because the Liberals were more concerned with their political status than increasing legislation for the good of the people. The Liberals were in fear of a potential threat from the newly-formed Labour Party, who relied on votes from the working-class population. The Liberals were also reliant upon the support of the Labour party in order to gain an absolute majority in parliament. Therefore, it can be argued that their motives behind the social reforms were primarily to conserve the majority they held the only way they could do this was by helping the working class. This is demonstrated in the 1931 Trade Union Act this reform gave unions quite a lot of power and was only passed by the Liberals because Labour held a majority of seats. As legislation was not all-encompassing the deserving poor were workers, pensioners and children and therefore people who couldnt find work received no benefits, an entirely successful social reform would never be possible. Since the end of the Boer War the economy had been growing quite slowly. In order to combat this, the Liberals realised that unemployment rates must be lowered as a significant sector of the working class population were unemployed due to ill health, this meant introducing health benefits and payments. The concept of national efficiency was also an important factor in the introduction of welfare reforms the slow growing economy meant that Britain was in danger of losing its position as a major world power. Linked to this concept was Social Darwinism, which encouraged the belief that world races that were physically and mentally stronger than others would dominate world politics. In order to maintain these concepts, it was believed that a strong, healthy and educated workforce was essential. Without health and education benefits this was unlikely. .ud15cb723fae823a1a80f92df261f3ab1 , .ud15cb723fae823a1a80f92df261f3ab1 .postImageUrl , .ud15cb723fae823a1a80f92df261f3ab1 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .ud15cb723fae823a1a80f92df261f3ab1 , .ud15cb723fae823a1a80f92df261f3ab1:hover , .ud15cb723fae823a1a80f92df261f3ab1:visited , .ud15cb723fae823a1a80f92df261f3ab1:active { border:0!important; } .ud15cb723fae823a1a80f92df261f3ab1 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .ud15cb723fae823a1a80f92df261f3ab1 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .ud15cb723fae823a1a80f92df261f3ab1:active , .ud15cb723fae823a1a80f92df261f3ab1:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .ud15cb723fae823a1a80f92df261f3ab1 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .ud15cb723fae823a1a80f92df261f3ab1 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .ud15cb723fae823a1a80f92df261f3ab1 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .ud15cb723fae823a1a80f92df261f3ab1 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .ud15cb723fae823a1a80f92df261f3ab1:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .ud15cb723fae823a1a80f92df261f3ab1 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .ud15cb723fae823a1a80f92df261f3ab1 .ud15cb723fae823a1a80f92df261f3ab1-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .ud15cb723fae823a1a80f92df261f3ab1:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: The Functional Requirements Of Cladding Systems Construction EssayThe population was also considered generally unfit. During conscription for the Boer War, it was found that in inner city areas, many potential recruits were not physically healthy enough to fight. This spurred on a drive for welfare reform by the government, but again, the motive behind this was primarily to strengthen Britains fighting forces should the need arise, rather than to improve the standards of living for the working class regardless of the need for healthy conscripts. It can be said that the Liberal Welfare Reforms were generally ineffective in improving the quality of life for many people by 1911 employment figures were virtually indifferent to those in 1906 and the reforms had made little impact on this section of the deserving poor. Therefore at this point the welfare reforms had had limited success. The main problem was the vagueness of the improvement attempts. The 1906 School Meals Act was only a fraction as successful as it could have been due to the non-compulsory enforcement; many education authorities did not adopt the idea of free school meals as it was their choice. Similarly, the 1907 Notification of Births Act made medical inspections compulsory but treatment was optional. This reform could have improved childrens health a lot more than it did if treatment had have been made compulsory too. To conclude, only some sections of the working class were helped by the Liberal Welfare Reforms, and the help received was only moderate. But as the Liberals still believed in the deserving poor and undeserving poor, the welfare reforms would never be as successful as they had the potential to be. However, the reforms had provided the path toward the introduction of a welfare state, by taking British society into an entirely new field of activity, and although by no means solving the problem of the condition of the people, they settled the lines upon which the eventual solution would be found. (B Gilbert, The Evolution of National Insurance in Great Britain)

The Renaissance Italys Decline Essay Example For Students

The Renaissance Italys Decline Essay Definition: The period in European civilization immediately following the Middle Ages, conventionally held to have been characterized by a surge of interest in classical learning and values. Set in the city-states of Italy in the fourteenth, fifteenth and sixteenth centuries, the constant uncertainty, both economic and political, and extreme volatility of the historical situation provided the material for new intellectual, cultural, and social experiments that would at their conclusion provide the means of constructing a new European mono-cultural identity, one focused on humanistic studies, science, and the arts. This historical background is surprisingly volatile; while one might assume that political stability and economic security are prerequisites for intellectual and cultural experimentation, some of the most radical and far-reaching cultural work in the Renaissance was done in the periods of greatest insecurity. Historical Significance, Historical Carry Over (Bold): The Renaissance also witnessed the discovery and exploration of new continents, the substitution of the Copernican for the Ptolemaic system of astronomy, the decline of the feudal system and the growth of commerce, and the invention or application of such potentially powerful innovations as paper, printing, the mariners compass, and gunpowder. To the scholars and thinkers of the day, however, it was primarily a time of the revival of classical learning and wisdom after a long period of cultural decline and stagnation. We will write a custom essay on The Renaissance Italys Decline specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now The increasing failure of the Roman Catholic Church and the Holy Roman Empire to provide a stable and unifying framework for the organization of spiritual and material life, the rise in importance of city-states and national monarchies, the development of national languages, and the breakup of the old feudal structures. While the spirit of the Renaissance ultimately took many forms, it was expressed earliest by the intellectual movement called Humanism. Humanism was initiated by secular men of letters rather than by the scholar-clerics who had dominated medieval intellectual life and had developed the Scholastic philosophy. Humanism began and achieved fruition first in Italy. Its predecessors were men like Dante and Petrarch, and its chief protagonists included Gianozzo Manetti, Leonardo Bruni, Marsilio Ficino, Pico della Mirandola, Lorenzo Valla, and Coluccio Salutati. The fall of Constantinople in 1453 provided Humanism with a major boost, for many eastern scholars fled to Italy, bringing with them important books and manuscripts and a tradition of Greek scholarship. From Italy the new Humanist spirit and the Renaissance it engendered spread north to all parts of Europe, aided by the invention of printing, which allowed literacy and the availability of classical texts to grow explosively. Foremost among northern Humanists was Desiderius Erasmus, whose Praise of Folly (1509) epitomized the moral essence of Humanism in its insistence on heartfelt goodness as opposed to formalistic piety. The intellectual stimulation provided by Humanists helped spark the Reformation, from which, however, many Humanists, including Erasmus, recoiled. By the end of the 16th century the battle of Reformation and Counter-Reformation had commanded much of Europes energy and attention, while the intellectual life was poised on the brink of the Enlightenment. It was in art that the spirit of the Renaissance achieved its sharpest formulation. Art came to be seen as a branch of knowledge, valuable in its own right and capable of providing man with images of God and his creations as well as with insights into mans position in the universe. In the hands of men like Leonardo da Vinci it was even a science, a means for exploring nature and a record of discoveries. Art was to be based on the observation of the visible world and practiced according to mathematical principles of balance, harmony, and perspective, which were developed at this time. In the works of painters such as Masaccio, the brothers Lorenzetti, Fra Angelico, Botticelli, Perugino, Piero della Francesca, Raphael, and Titian; sculptors such as Pisano, Donatello, Verrocchio, Ghiberti, and Michelangelo; and architects such as Alberti, Brunelleschi, Palladio, Michelozzo, and Filarete, the dignity of man found expression in the arts. .u47fda9cae1240f5fb084c76986d29267 , .u47fda9cae1240f5fb084c76986d29267 .postImageUrl , .u47fda9cae1240f5fb084c76986d29267 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u47fda9cae1240f5fb084c76986d29267 , .u47fda9cae1240f5fb084c76986d29267:hover , .u47fda9cae1240f5fb084c76986d29267:visited , .u47fda9cae1240f5fb084c76986d29267:active { border:0!important; } .u47fda9cae1240f5fb084c76986d29267 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u47fda9cae1240f5fb084c76986d29267 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u47fda9cae1240f5fb084c76986d29267:active , .u47fda9cae1240f5fb084c76986d29267:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u47fda9cae1240f5fb084c76986d29267 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u47fda9cae1240f5fb084c76986d29267 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u47fda9cae1240f5fb084c76986d29267 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u47fda9cae1240f5fb084c76986d29267 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u47fda9cae1240f5fb084c76986d29267:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u47fda9cae1240f5fb084c76986d29267 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u47fda9cae1240f5fb084c76986d29267 .u47fda9cae1240f5fb084c76986d29267-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u47fda9cae1240f5fb084c76986d29267:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Greg Sirico EssayIn Italy the Renaissance proper was preceded by an important proto-renaissance in the late 13th and early 14th centuries, which drew inspiration from Franciscan radicalism. St. Francis had rejected the formal Scholasticism of the prevailing Christian theology and gone out among the poor praising the beauties and spiritual value of nature. His example inspired Italian artists and poets to take pleasure in the world around them. The work of the most famous artist of the proto-renaissance period, Giotto (1266/67 or 1276-1337), reveals a new pictorial style that depends on clear, simple structure and great psychological penetration rather than on the flat, linear decorativeness and hierarchical compositions of his predecessors and contemporaries. The great poet Dante lived at about the same time as Giotto, and his poetry shows a similar concern with inward experience and the subtle shades and variations of human nature. Although his Divine Comedy belongs to the Middle Ages in its plan and ideas, its subjective spirit and power of expression look forward to the Renaissance. Petrarch and Boccaccio also belong to this proto-renaissance period, both through their extensive studies of Latin literature and through their writings in the vernacular. Unfortunately, the terrible plague of 1348 and subsequent civil wars submerged both the revival of humanistic studies and the growing interest in individualism and naturalism revealed in the works of Giotto and Dante. The spirit of the Renaissance did not surface again until the 15th century. In 1401 a competition was held at Florence to award the commission for bronze doors to be placed on the baptistery of San Giovanni. Defeated by the goldsmith and painter Lorenzo Ghiberti, Filippo Brunelleschi and Donatello left for Rome, where they immersed themselves in the study of ancient architecture and sculpture. When they returned to Florence and began to put their knowledge into practice, the rationalized art of the ancient world was reborn. The founder of Renaissance painting was Masaccio (1401-28). The intellectuality of his conceptions, the monumentality of his compositions, and the high degree of naturalism in his works mark Masaccio as a pivotal figure in Renaissance painting. The succeeding generation of artistsPiero della Francesca, Pollaiuolo, and Verrochiopressed forward with researches into linear and aerial perspective and anatomy, developing a style of scientific naturalism. The situation in Florence was uniquely favorable to the arts. The civic pride of Florentines found expression in statues of the patron saints commissioned from Ghiberti and Donatello for niches in the grain-market guildhall known as Or San Michele, and in the largest dome built since antiquity, placed by Brunelleschi on the Florence cathedral. The cost of construction and decoration of palaces, churches, and monasteries was underwritten by wealthy merchant families, chief among whom were the Medici family. The Medici traded in all of the major cities in Europe, and one of the most famous masterpieces of Northern Renaissance art, The Portinari Altarpiece, by Hugo van der Goes (c. 1476; Uffizi, Florence), was commissioned by their agent, Tommaso Portinari. Instead of being painted with the customary tempera of the period, the work is painted with translucent oil glazes that produce brilliant jewel-like color and a glossy surface. Early Northern Renaissance painters were more concerned with the detailed reproduction of objects and their symbolic meaning than with the study of scientific perspective and anatomy even after these achievements became widely known. On the other hand, central Italian painters began to adopt the oil medium soon after The Portinari Altarpiece was brought to Florence in 1476. High Renaissance art, which flourished for about 35 years, from the early 1490s to 1527, when Rome was sacked by imperial troops, revolved around three towering figures: Leonardo da Vinci (1452-1519), Michelangelo (1475-1564), and Raphael (1483-1520). Each of the three embodied an important aspect of the period: Leonardo was the ultimate Renaissance man, a solitary genius to whom no branch of study was foreign; Michelangelo emanated creative power, conceiving vast projects that drew for inspiration on the human body as the ultimate vehicle for emotional expression; Raphael created works that perfectly expressed the classical spiritharmonious, beautiful, and serene. Although Leonardo was recognized in his own time as a great artist, his restless researches into anatomy, the nature of flight, and the structure of plant and animal life left him little time to paint. .ud9dc2fac9c65a904afb258b264ff7ac7 , .ud9dc2fac9c65a904afb258b264ff7ac7 .postImageUrl , .ud9dc2fac9c65a904afb258b264ff7ac7 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .ud9dc2fac9c65a904afb258b264ff7ac7 , .ud9dc2fac9c65a904afb258b264ff7ac7:hover , .ud9dc2fac9c65a904afb258b264ff7ac7:visited , .ud9dc2fac9c65a904afb258b264ff7ac7:active { border:0!important; } .ud9dc2fac9c65a904afb258b264ff7ac7 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .ud9dc2fac9c65a904afb258b264ff7ac7 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .ud9dc2fac9c65a904afb258b264ff7ac7:active , .ud9dc2fac9c65a904afb258b264ff7ac7:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .ud9dc2fac9c65a904afb258b264ff7ac7 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .ud9dc2fac9c65a904afb258b264ff7ac7 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .ud9dc2fac9c65a904afb258b264ff7ac7 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .ud9dc2fac9c65a904afb258b264ff7ac7 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .ud9dc2fac9c65a904afb258b264ff7ac7:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .ud9dc2fac9c65a904afb258b264ff7ac7 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .ud9dc2fac9c65a904afb258b264ff7ac7 .ud9dc2fac9c65a904afb258b264ff7ac7-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .ud9dc2fac9c65a904afb258b264ff7ac7:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: the lottery EssayHis fame rests on a few completed works; among them are the Mona Lisa (1503-05, Louvre), The Virgin of the Rocks (c. 1485, Louvre), and the sadly deteriorated fresco The Last Supper (1495-98, Santa Maria delle Grazie, Milan). Michelangelos early sculpture, such as the Piet (1499, St. Peters, Rome) and the David (1501-04, Accademia, Florence), reveals a breathtaking technical ability in concert with a disposition to bend rules of anatomy and proportion in the service of greater expressive power. Although Michelangelo thought of himself first as a sculptor, his best-known work is the giant ceiling fresco of the Sistine Chapel in the Vatican, Rome. It was completed in four years, from 1508 to 1512, and presents an incredibly complex but philosophically unified composition that fuses traditional Christian theology with Neoplatonic thought. Raphaels greatest work, The School of Athens (1508-11), was painted in the Vatican at the same time that Michelangelo was working on the Sistine Chapel. In this large fresco Raphael brought together representatives of the Aristotelian and Platonic schools of thought. Instead of the densely packed, turbulent surface of Michelangelos masterpiece, Raphael placed his groups of calmly conversing philosophers and artists in a vast court with vaults receding into the distance. Leonardo initially influenced Raphael, and he incorporated the pyramidal composition and beautifully modeled faces of The Virgin of the Rocks into many of his own paintings of the Madonna. He differed from Leonardo, however, in his prodigious output, his even temperament, and his preference for classical harmony and clarity. Slavery flourished during this time partly because of the many lives lost during the Black Death and due to the nature of the morality of the Renaissance times. Many laborers were needed on the sugar cane plantations and for domestic duties. The slaves were multi-cultural being black or white coming from conquered peoples from Africa, eastern Mediterranean and lands around the Black Sea. Slaves were a part of a brides dowry, doctors took slaves in lieu of fees from his patients, and even priest had slaves in their service. Owners had complete dominion over the slaves due to Italian law. The treaty of Lodi between Venice and Milan ended the war and marked the beginning of a 40-year period of relative peace. During this time power was balanced among the five states that dominated the Italian peninsulaVenice, Milan, Naples, Florence, and the Papal states. The creator of High Renaissance architecture was Donato Bramante (1444-1514), who came to Rome in 1499, when he was 55. His first Roman masterpiece, the Tempietto (1502) at S. Pietro in Montorio, is a centralized dome structure that recalls classical temple architecture. Pope Julius II (reigned 1503-13) chose Bramante to be papal architect, and together they devised a plan to replace the 4th-century Old St. Peters with a new church of gigantic dimensions. The project was not completed, however, until long after Bramantes death. Humanistic studies continued under the powerful popes of the High Renaissance, Julius II and Leo X, as did the development of polyphonic music. The Sistine Choir, which performed at services when the pope officiated, drew musicians and singers from all of Italy and northern Europe. Among the most famous composers who became members were Josquin des Prez (1445-1521) and Palestrina (1525-84). The Renaissance as a unified historical period ended with the fall of Rome in 1527. The strains between Christian faith and classical humanism led to Mannerism in the latter part of the 16th century. The Renaissance spirit, however, continued to be made in northern Italy and in northern Europe. Relationship to other IDs: Greece, Russia, Iran, France, Iraq, and Turkey